BP504 T. PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY Hand Written Notes
Scope: The main purpose of subject is to impart the students the knowledge of how the
secondary metabolites are produced in the crude drugs, how to isolate and identify and
produce them industrially. Also this subject involves the study of producing the plants and
phytochemicals through plant tissue culture, drug interactions and basic principles of
traditional system of medicine
Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able
1. to know the modern extraction techniques, characterization and identification of the
herbal drugs and phytoconstituents
2. to understand the preparation and development of herbal formulation.
3. to understand the herbal drug interactions
4. to carryout isolation and identification of phytoconstituents.
UNIT-I
Metabolic pathways in higher plants and their determination
a) Brief study of basic metabolic pathways and formation of different secondary metabolites
through these pathways- Shikimic acid pathway, Acetate pathways and Amino acid pathway. b) Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of Biogenetic studies.
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UNIT-II
General introduction, composition, chemistry & chemical classes, biosources, therapeutic
uses and commercial applications of following
secondary metabolites:
Alkaloids: Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, Opium,
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids: Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
Volatile oils: Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander,
Tannins: Catechu, Pterocarpus
Resins: Benzoin, Guggul, Ginger, Asafoetida, Myrrh, Colophony
Glycosides: Senna, Aloes, Bitter Almond
Iridoids, Other terpenoids & Naphthaquinones: Gentian, Artemisia, taxus, carotenoids.
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UNIT-III
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin.
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UNIT-IV
Industrial production, estimation and utilization of the following phytoconstituents:
Forskolin, Sennoside, Artemisinin, Diosgenin, Digoxin, Atropine, Podophyllotoxin, Caffeine, Taxol, Vincristine and Vinblastine.
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UNIT V
Basics of Phytochemistry
Modern methods of extraction, application of latest techniques like Spectroscopy, chromatography and electrophoresis in the isolation, purification and identification of crude
drugs.